山(shan)東變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)廠家生產的(de)非(fei)晶(jing)合(he)(he)金變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)故(gu)障分為過熱和(he)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)兩大類(lei)。過熱性(xing)故(gu)障發展較緩慢，在短時間內(nei)(nei)不會釀(niang)成(cheng)事故(gu)。而局(ju)部(bu)(bu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)故(gu)障，尤其(qi)是匝、層間和(he)圍屏(ping)的(de)局(ju)部(bu)(bu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就大不相(xiang)同了。因為當這(zhe)些部(bu)(bu)位的(de)絕緣(yuan)受(shou)損(sun)后，其(qi)沿面放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)將降低，在受(shou)到(dao)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)或外部(bu)(bu)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)沖擊后，絕緣(yuan)性(xing)能迅速(su)下降，引起局(ju)部(bu)(bu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)及至發展成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)而燒(shao)毀。給電(dian)(dian)(dian)網和(he)人(ren)民(min)生活(huo)造成(cheng)嚴重的(de)損(sun)失！因此，非(fei)晶(jing)合(he)(he)金變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)在線監測的(de)目(mu)的(de)，就應立足于將局(ju)部(bu)(bu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)缺陷(xian)在火(huo)花放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)階段前檢測出來，進(jin)而采取有(you)效措施，防(fang)止事故(gu)發生。

 

山東變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器廠(chang)家認為放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)速度(du)快，是突發(fa)(fa)性的(de)(de)(de)，油(you)中氣(qi)體無法早期檢(jian)出。眾所(suo)周知，任何事(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)都(dou)有(you)一個(ge)(ge)產生(sheng)、發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程，也就(jiu)是從量(liang)變到(dao)質變的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程。非晶合金變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器內部局部放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，也有(you)一個(ge)(ge)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)暈發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)到(dao)爬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、火花(hua)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，最后形成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程。其發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)速度(du)取決于故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)部位和故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)能量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)。筆(bi)者分析了十幾年(nian)來發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)變事(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)有(you)相當(dang)數(shu)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)幾個(ge)(ge)小(xiao)時的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)過(guo)程，如(ru)1987年(nian)1月福(fu)建三明后山1號主(zhu)變（220kV，90MVA）因(yin)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)B相圍屏樹枝狀放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)引(yin)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，2000年(nian)7月31日(ri)廈門嵩嶼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)2號主(zhu)變（220kV，370MVA）因(yin)低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)角接線(xian)水平木支架絕緣(yuan)缺(que)陷引(yin)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，2001年(nian)8月22日(ri)福(fu)建池潭水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)1號主(zhu)變（220kV，150MVA）因(yin)110kV中壓(ya)(ya)(ya)C相繞組在(zai)整個(ge)(ge)軸向(xiang)變形后再(zai)次受(shou)到(dao)雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)沖(chong)擊(ji)引(yin)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，以及2002年(nian)3月22日(ri)廣東大亞灣(wan)核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站2號主(zhu)變C相低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)角接線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)短路事(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)等，都(dou)有(you)數(shu)小(xiao)時的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)過(guo)程。如(ru)果選用(yong)對故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)氣(qi)體響(xiang)應(ying)快的(de)(de)(de)監測裝置(zhi)，使(shi)其在(zai)火花(hua)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段被檢(jian)出，則就(jiu)有(you)可能防止(zhi)惡(e)性事(shi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)。

 

油(you)中(zhong)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)在(zai)線(xian)監測局部放(fang)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)故障(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)必(bi)要(yao)性(xing)(xing)和可能性(xing)(xing)眾(zhong)所周(zhou)知(zhi)，非晶合金變壓(ya)器(qi)內部的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)緣油(you)、紙(zhi)、布、漆和木頭(tou)等絕(jue)緣材料都(dou)為碳氫(qing)(qing)(qing)化合物(wu)或(huo)碳水化合物(wu)，在(zai)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)結構中(zhong)碳氫(qing)(qing)(qing)鍵(jian)(jian)（C-H）最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)多，其(qi)鍵(jian)(jian)能最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)低，因(yin)此(ci)在(zai)分(fen)(fen)解時(shi)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)容(rong)易(yi)斷裂；而氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)成(cheng)熱最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小，因(yin)此(ci)在(zai)碳氫(qing)(qing)(qing)鍵(jian)(jian)斷裂后氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)易(yi)生(sheng)成(cheng);又因(yin)為氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)半徑最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小，在(zai)油(you)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)溶解度也最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小，使氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)容(rong)易(yi)從油(you)中(zhong)析(xi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)后滲透過高分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)膜，使其(qi)以最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)快的(de)(de)(de)速度集(ji)聚到檢測室(shi)。因(yin)此(ci)，選(xuan)擇氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)為監測對象應是局部放(fang)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)故障(zhang)早期(qi)(qi)檢出(chu)(chu)(chu)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)理(li)想的(de)(de)(de)故障(zhang)氣(qi)(qi)體。有(you)的(de)(de)(de)人提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)乙炔（C2H2）是放(fang)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)故障(zhang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)具代表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)特征氣(qi)(qi)體。這確實如此(ci)，但(dan)C2H2分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)中(zhong)有(you)C  C鍵(jian)(jian)，生(sheng)成(cheng)時(shi)必(bi)須(xu)吸收較大的(de)(de)(de)能量，在(zai)局部放(fang)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)初期(qi)(qi)不可能產生(sheng)，只有(you)在(zai)火花放(fang)電(dian)(dian)后期(qi)(qi)才會有(you)少量C2H2，但(dan)此(ci)時(shi)距電(dian)(dian)弧放(fang)電(dian)(dian)很近，惡性(xing)(xing)事(shi)故很快就會發(fa)生(sheng)，即使這時(shi)被檢出(chu)(chu)(chu)，也沒有(you)時(shi)間來(lai)采取(qu)防患措(cuo)施，避免事(shi)故的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)

 

山東(dong)變(bian)壓器廠家提(ti)出(chu)，只監(jian)(jian)測氫氣、水分(fen)(fen)(fen)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)進(jin)行綜(zong)合判斷(duan)，而(er)應該(gai)監(jian)(jian)測多(duo)組(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)作出(chu)診(zhen)斷(duan)。這(zhe)種想(xiang)法(fa)(fa)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)很(hen)正常的(de)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，我們應該(gai)認識到，在線監(jian)(jian)測的(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)運(yun)行設備(bei)(bei)，要(yao)停(ting)(ting)運(yun)不(bu)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)只靠油中氣體(ti)含(han)量(liang)的(de)診(zhen)斷(duan)來(lai)決定設備(bei)(bei)立即停(ting)(ting)電(dian)！就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)目(mu)前試驗室的(de)色(se)譜(pu)(pu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析，盡管所檢測的(de)組(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)很(hen)多(duo)，判斷(duan)的(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)很(hen)多(duo)，也很(hen)成(cheng)(cheng)熟，但(dan)當(dang)檢出(chu)油中氣體(ti)含(han)量(liang)異(yi)常后，也不(bu)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)下令立即停(ting)(ting)電(dian)！在線監(jian)(jian)測的(de)目(mu)的(de)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)非晶合金變(bian)壓器內(nei)部故(gu)障起(qi)“哨兵“的(de)作用(yong)，即在準確檢出(chu)初期故(gu)障發出(chu)報警。為(wei)此, 在線監(jian)(jian)測裝(zhuang)置不(bu)僅(jin)要(yao)求連(lian)續在線，而(er)且要(yao)求對(dui)(dui)故(gu)障氣體(ti)的(de)響應速度(du)要(yao)快。若檢測多(duo)組(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)只能(neng)(neng)(neng)通(tong)過(guo)二(er)(er)個方(fang)法(fa)(fa)來(lai)實現: 一為(wei)色(se)譜(pu)(pu)法(fa)(fa)，這(zhe)將帶(dai)來(lai)取樣(yang)、進(jin)樣(yang)和色(se)譜(pu)(pu)柱(zhu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)等過(guo)程，使監(jian)(jian)測變(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)間(jian)斷(duan)進(jin)行；二(er)(er)為(wei)用(yong)多(duo)個傳(chuan)感(gan)器分(fen)(fen)(fen)別監(jian)(jian)測各組(zu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)，因(yin)目(mu)前傳(chuan)感(gan)器質量(liang)不(bu)過(guo)關，近年(nian)內(nei)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)實現。通(tong)過(guo)上(shang)述分(fen)(fen)(fen)析，得(de)知選擇連(lian)續監(jian)(jian)測油中氫氣才(cai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)檢出(chu)早期局部放電(dian)故(gu)障的(de)最佳方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。